Hungry for Rewards
ثبت نشده
چکیده
talk a lot – but we also do so in very different ways. It would appear that the structure of a language is defined by its cultural ancestry and not by the way the brain processes language. A group of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen in the Netherlands has analyzed the order of sentence parts in more than 300 languages from four major language families. The researchers never found the same patterns consistently in all the families. Their new results contradict Noam Chomsky’s idea of a universal grammar, and the theory of universal word order put forward by language researcher Joseph Greenberg. (Nature, published online,
منابع مشابه
Extracellular dopamine levels in striatal subregions track shifts in motivation and response cost during instrumental conditioning.
Tonic dopamine (DA) signaling is widely regarded as playing a central role in effort-based decision making and in the motivational control of instrumental performance. The current study used microdialysis to monitor changes in extracellular DA levels across subregions of the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum of rats as they lever pressed for food reward on a probabilistic schedule of reinfo...
متن کاملThe effects of motivation on response rate: a hidden semi-Markov model analysis of behavioral dynamics.
A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how neural dynamics bring about the dynamics of behavior. However, neural and behavioral measures are noisy, requiring averaging over trials and subjects. Unfortunately, averaging can obscure the very dynamics that we are interested in, masking abrupt changes and artificially creating gradual processes. We develop a hidden semi-Markov model for pr...
متن کاملAlways Gamble on an Empty Stomach: Hunger Is Associated with Advantageous Decision Making
Three experimental studies examined the counterintuitive hypothesis that hunger improves strategic decision making, arguing that people in a hot state are better able to make favorable decisions involving uncertain outcomes. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that participants with more hunger or greater appetite made more advantageous choices in the Iowa Gambling Task compared to sated participants ...
متن کاملNeuroleptic-induced "anhedonia" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food.
The dopamine receptor blocker pimozide attenuated lever-pressing and running for food reward in hungry rats. In each case the characteristic behavior of pimozide-treated rats was the same as that of undrugged rats when reward was simply withheld. Drug-induced performance difficulties were ruled out by the presence of periods of normal responding in drug-treated animals. Pimozide appears to sele...
متن کاملVariable rewards and discrimination ability in an insect herbivore: what and how does a hungry locust learn?
With the exception of honeybees, there have been few good invertebrate models for associative learning. Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) possess a number of characteristics that make them excellent candidates for such studies, and in this paper we present a novel protocol, based on a Y-maze, that is specifically designed for studying their learning and choice behaviour. Three se...
متن کامل